Krakow's continental climate means dramatic seasonal variation — January averages -3C while July averages 25C. Pack accordingly, but some items are universal.
Year-round essentials: comfortable walking shoes with good grip (Krakow's cobblestones are beautiful but treacherous, especially when wet), a light rain jacket or compact umbrella, layers (even summer evenings cool down), and a day bag for water and museum tickets.
Spring (April-May): a medium-weight jacket, layers you can add/remove as temperatures swing between 10-22C, waterproof shoes (April rain is common), and sunglasses for the increasingly strong sun.
Summer (June-August): light, breathable clothing, sunscreen (the Main Square has no shade), a hat, a refillable water bottle (free water fountains exist near the Main Square), and a light cardigan for air-conditioned museums and cellar restaurants.
Autumn (September-November): warm layers, a proper jacket by October, waterproof shoes, and a scarf. November requires winter-level warmth.
Winter (December-March): a heavy winter coat, thermal layers, warm boots with good traction (icy sidewalks), gloves, a hat, and a scarf. Indoor heating is strong, so dress in removable layers.
Often forgotten: a universal power adapter (Poland uses Type C/E plugs), a photocopy of your passport, and comfortable clothes for church visits (shoulders and knees should be covered in major churches).
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